{"id":81078,"date":"2020-06-10T15:34:56","date_gmt":"2020-06-10T13:34:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/fiche-nutritionnelle\/poire-williams\/"},"modified":"2022-07-01T18:00:19","modified_gmt":"2022-07-01T16:00:19","slug":"williams-pear","status":"publish","type":"fiche_nutritionnelle","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/nutritional-sheet\/williams-pear\/","title":{"rendered":"Pear (Williams)"},"featured_media":100292,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"tags":[12643,12647,12648,12640,12642],"class_list":["post-81078","fiche_nutritionnelle","type-fiche_nutritionnelle","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-fibres-en","tag-fruit-en","tag-glucides-en","tag-mineraux-en","tag-vitamines-en"],"acf":{"liste_composants_en_avant":["eau","glucides","fibres","vitamine-b9","potassium","polyphenols-totaux"],"image_fond":{"ID":72009,"id":72009,"title":"Poire-Williams_Visuel","filename":"Poire-Williams_Visuel.jpg","filesize":72589,"url":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel.jpg","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/nutritional-sheet\/williams-pear\/attachment\/poire-williams_visuel-2\/","alt":"Poires Williams calories valeur nutritionnelle - Aprifel","author":"5","description":"","caption":"","name":"poire-williams_visuel-2","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":81078,"date":"2020-07-07 15:39:02","modified":"2021-06-15 08:27:30","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":1140,"height":380,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel-200x200.jpg","thumbnail-width":200,"thumbnail-height":200,"medium":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel-300x100.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":100,"medium_large":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel-768x256.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":256,"large":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel.jpg","large-width":1140,"large-height":380,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel.jpg","1536x1536-width":1140,"1536x1536-height":380,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel.jpg","2048x2048-width":1140,"2048x2048-height":380,"wall":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel-376x380.jpg","wall-width":376,"wall-height":380,"document":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel-200x100.jpg","document-width":200,"document-height":100,"list":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel-160x110.jpg","list-width":160,"list-height":110,"sow-carousel-default":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Poire-Williams_Visuel-272x182.jpg","sow-carousel-default-width":272,"sow-carousel-default-height":182}},"type_aliment":"Fruit","printemps":false,"ete":true,"automne":true,"hiver":false,"nutriscore":"A","description":"<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Williams pear belongs to the<\/span><b> Rosaceae <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">family<\/span><b>,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> genus <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pyrus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, species <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">communis <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3974708\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chagn\u00e9, 2014<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Originally from Asia, the pear tree has been established in France since time immemorial. Today, 2,000 varieties are listed, including the Williams pear, a summer fruit born dating back to 1796 (Centre national de pomologie d&#8217;Ales, 2010).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>PHYSICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pear tree flowers are white to whitish-pink with five petals and are often mistaken for apple tree flowers. In the autumn, the edible fruit, 6.5 to 10 cm long, ripen to a <\/span><b>green to brown colour <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Andreu, 2008). The pear is harvested when its skin becomes dark green to light green in colour (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24082266\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nath, 2012<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Like avocados or kiwis, it needs a few days after harvest to ripen (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/57\/14\/3679\/584758\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Murayama, 2006<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The two esters <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(ethyl (E, Z) -2,4-decadienoate and ethyl (E, E) -2,4-decadienoate) <\/span><b>are responsible for the typical Williams pear odour, while hexyl acetate provides the aroma <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27935705\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zierer, 2016<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sugar content in Williams pears varies from 8 to 11% with fructose as the main sugar (Chatfield and McLaughlin, 1928). The impact of sugar is affected by the juiciness of the fruit: <\/span><b>the juicier the fruit, the sweeter the taste <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00021205\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visser, 1968<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The resistance of its strong aromatic compounds to heat may explain the use of the Williams variety in the manufacture of canned pear and pear brandy (Quamme, 1985).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are <\/span><b>yellow and red varieties of Williams pears<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The expression level of the PcMYB10 gene is significantly higher in the red variety than in the yellow variety. This gene is involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, the polyphenols responsible for the red colour of the fruit (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20951056\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pierantoni, 2010<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS (excluding macronutrients, vitamins and minerals)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Their high fibre concentration <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">probably explains the laxative properties of pears and their effect on gut health (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4657810\/#:~:text=Pears%20are%20an%20excellent%20source,rich%20in%20fructose%20and%20sorbitol.\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reiland, 2015<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">An American team observed a <b>high content of total polyphenols in Williams pear skin extracts<\/b>, as well as antioxidant free radical scavenging activities related to 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0963996914007844\">Sarkar, 2015<\/a>). Among these phenolic compounds, isorhamnetin glycosides and malonates are thought to represent a significant amount (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18778075\/\">Lin, 2008<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","references":"<ul>\n<li>Agence nationale de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sanitaire de l\u2019alimentation, de l\u2019environnement et du travail. Table de composition nutritionnelle des aliments Ciqual 2020. Consult\u00e9e le 17\/08\/2020 depuis le site internet Ciqual <a href=\"https:\/\/ciqual.anses.fr\/\">https:\/\/ciqual.anses.fr\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Andreu M.G, Friedman M.H, Northrop R.J. 2008. Pyruscommunis, common pear [en ligne]. [consult\u00e9 le 19\/02\/2020]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse : https:\/\/www.growables.org\/information\/LowChillFruit\/documents\/PyrusCommunisCommonPear.pdf.<\/li>\n<li>Centre National de Pomologie d\u2019Ales, Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture. 2010. fiche_poire.pdf [en ligne]. [consult\u00e9 le 19\/02\/2020]. R\u00e9alis\u00e9 pour la direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019alimentation dans le cadre d\u2019un fruit \u00e0 la r\u00e9cr\u00e9ation. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse : https:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/sites\/minagri\/files\/documents\/pdf\/fche_poire.pdf.<\/li>\n<li>Chagn\u00e9 D, Crowhurst RN, Pindo M. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3974708\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The draft genome sequence of European pear (Pyrus communis L. \u2018Bartlett\u2019)<\/a>. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e92644.<\/li>\n<li>Chatfield, McLaughlin (1928). Proximate Composition of Fresh Fruits. Etats-Unis : U.S. Department of Agriculture, 20 p.<\/li>\n<li>Lin L, Harnly J. Phenolic <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18778075\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Compounds and Chromatographic Profiles of Pear Skins (Pyrus Spp.)<\/a>. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(19):9094\u20119101.<\/li>\n<li>Murayama H, Sekine D, Yamauchi Y, Gao M, Mitsuhashi W, Toyomasu T. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/57\/14\/3679\/584758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Effect of Girdling above the Abscission Zone of Fruit on \u201cBartlett\u201d Pear Ripening on the Tree<\/a>. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2006;57(14):3679\u201186.<\/li>\n<li>Nath A, Deka BC, Singh A, Patel RK, Paul D, Misra LK, Ojha H. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24082266\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extension of shelf life of pear fruits using different packaging materials<\/a>. J Food Sci Technol. 2012 Oct;49(5):556-63.<\/li>\n<li>Neveu V, Perez-Jim\u00e9nez J, Vos F, Crespy V, du Chaffaut L, Mennen L, Knox C, Eisner R, Cruz J, Wishart D, Scalbert A. (2010) <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20428313\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods<\/a>. Database, doi: 10.1093\/database\/bap024. Full text (free access)<\/li>\n<li>Pierantoni L, Dondini L, De Franceschi P, Musacchi S, Winkel B, Sansavini S. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20951056\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mapping of an Anthocyanin-Regulating MYB Transcription Factor and Its Expression in Red and Green Pear, Pyrus Communis<\/a>. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2010;48(12):1020\u201126.<\/li>\n<li>Quamme, Gray (1985). Evaluation of Quality of Fruits and Vegetables. Harold E. Pattee, 648 p.<\/li>\n<li>Reiland H, Slavin J. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4657810\/#:~:text=Pears%20are%20an%20excellent%20source,rich%20in%20fructose%20and%20sorbitol.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Systematic Review of Pears and Health<\/a>. Nutr Today. 2015;50(6):301\u2013305.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e8glement (CE) N\u00b0 1924\/2006 du Parlement europ\u00e9en et du Conseil du 20 d\u00e9cembre 2006 concernant les all\u00e9gations nutritionnelles et de sant\u00e9 portant sur les denr\u00e9es alimentaires.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e8glement (UE) N\u00b0432\/2012 de la Commission du 16 mai 2012 \u00e9tablissant une liste des all\u00e9gations de sant\u00e9 autoris\u00e9es portant sur les denr\u00e9es alimentaires, autres que celles faisant r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction du risque de maladie ainsi qu\u2019au d\u00e9veloppement et \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 infantiles.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e8glement (UE) n\u00b01169\/2011 du Parlement europ\u00e9en et du Conseil du 25 octobre 2011 concernant l\u2019information des consommateurs sur les denr\u00e9es alimentaires, modifiant les r\u00e8glements (CE) n\u00b01924\/2006 et (CE) n\u00b01925\/2006 du Parlement europ\u00e9en et de Conseil et abrogeant la directive 87\/250\/CEE de la Commission, la directive 90\/496\/CEE du Conseil, la directive 1999\/10\/CE de la Commission, la directive 200\/13\/CE du Parlement europ\u00e9en et du Conseil, les directives 2002\/67\/CE et 2008\/5\/CE de la Commission et le r\u00e8glement (CE) n\u00b0608\/2004 de la Commission.<\/li>\n<li>Sarkar D, Ankolekar C, Pinto M, Shetty K. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0963996914007844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dietary functional benefits of Bartlett and Starkrimson pears for potential management of hyperglycemia, hypertension and ulcer bacteria Helicobacter pylori while supporting beneficial probiotic bacterial response<\/a>. Food Research International. 2015;69(1):80-90.<\/li>\n<li>Visser T, Schaap AA, De Vries DP. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00021205\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear.<\/a> Euphytica. 1968;17(1):153-67.<\/li>\n<li>Zierer B, Schieberle P, Granvogl M. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27935705\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aroma-Active Compounds in Bartlett Pears and Their Changes during the Manufacturing Process of Bartlett Pear Brandy<\/a>. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2016;64(50):9515\u201122.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","acides_organiques":{"acides_organiques_g":"0","acides_organiques_vnr":"0","acides_organiques_min":"0","acides_organiques_max":"0"},"autre_polyphenols":{"autre_polyphenols_g":"0","autre_polyphenols_vnr":"0","autre_polyphenols_min":"0","autre_polyphenols_max":"0"},"liste_articles":false,"elements_rattaches":[{"lien_interne_ou_externe":"non","lien_interne":null,"lien_externe_groupe":{"titre":"Poire : Guide RHD (Ctifl)","lien":"https:\/\/guiderhd.ctifl.fr\/fiche\/fruits\/poire"}},{"lien_interne_ou_externe":"non","lien_interne":{"title":"","url":"","target":"","0":""},"lien_externe_groupe":{"titre":"La poire : production, vari\u00e9t\u00e9s, conservation, recettes (Interfel)","lien":"https:\/\/www.lesfruitsetlegumesfrais.com\/fruits-legumes\/fruits-a-pepins\/poire"}},{"lien_interne_ou_externe":"oui","lien_interne":{"title":"Que nous apportent les fruits et l\u00e9gumes ? ","url":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/fr\/dossier\/nutriments-fruit-legumes\/","target":""},"lien_externe_groupe":{"titre":"","lien":""}}],"modes_cuisson":[{"titre_mode_cuisson":"Raw","composition_analyse_nutritionnelles":"<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following values are approximate and depend on variety, season, ripeness, cultivation conditions, etc.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The average Williams pear provides <\/span><b>54.10 calories (kcal) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">per 100 g, i.e. <\/span><b>228 kJ<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A Williams pear weighs an average of 120 g, giving an energy intake of 64.92 kcal.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>COMPOSITION TABLES<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For each nutrient, the tables provide information on the content, minimum and maximum values, as well as the percentage of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/fr\/article-dossier\/anc-bnm-vnr-definitions\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dietary Reference Values <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(DRVs) for 100 g net of raw Williams pear, without skin (except for the table on polyphenols, which concerns unknown varieties of pears without skin).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n","macronutriments":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"single-card-tabs\">\n\t<ul class=\"nav nav-tabs visible-xs visible-sm visible-md visible-lg no-bullet\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t<li role=\"presentation\" class=\"active\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#macronutrients-values\" aria-controls=\"macronutrients-values\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" class=\"text-decoration-none\">\n\t\t\t\tValues\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li role=\"presentation\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#macronutrients-sources\" aria-controls=\"macronutrients-sources\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" class=\"text-decoration-none\">\n\t\t\t\tSources\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tab-content\">\n\t<div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane active\" id=\"macronutrients-values\">\n\t\t<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tab_component table\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"40%\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstituent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(g)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAverage content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMin-Max<br\/>per 100g\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t% VNR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane\" id=\"macronutrients-sources\">\n\t\t<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tab_component table\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"40%\">Constituent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(g)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">Amount<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">Min-Max<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">% VNR<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.td-src {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twhite-space: normal !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<h5>Zoom on carbohydrates<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Williams pears also contain a significant amount of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/fr\/article-dossier\/les-glucides\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">carbohydrates <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(11.50 g per 100 g), which is higher than the average for this macronutrient in fresh fruit (10.40 g per 100 g).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are mainly fructose (7.20 g per 100 g), sorbitol (1.90 g per 100 g), sucrose (1.20 g per 100 g) and glucose (1 g per 100 g).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Zoom on fibres<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Williams pear is a <\/span><b><span style=\"color: #7dba2f;\">source of fibre*<\/span> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as it provides more than 3 g per 100 g of fruit, i.e. 3.10 g per 100 g.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This amount is higher than the average quantity of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/fr\/article-dossier\/fibres\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fibre <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">present in fresh fruit (2.77 g per 100 g).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Zoom on lipids<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Williams pear is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/fr\/article-dossier\/les-lipides\/\"><b>fat-free* <\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as it contains less than 0.5 g of fat per 100 g.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods.<\/span><\/p>\n","vitamines":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"single-card-tabs\">\n\t<ul class=\"nav nav-tabs visible-xs visible-sm visible-md visible-lg no-bullet\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t<li role=\"presentation\" class=\"active\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#vitamins-values\" aria-controls=\"vitamins-values\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" class=\"text-decoration-none\">\n\t\t\t\tValues\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li role=\"presentation\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#vitamins-sources\" aria-controls=\"vitamins-sources\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" class=\"text-decoration-none\">\n\t\t\t\tSources\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tab-content\">\n\t<div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane active\" id=\"vitamins-values\">\n\t\t<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tab_component table\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"40%\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstituent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAverage content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMin-Max<br\/>per 100g\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t% VNR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane\" id=\"vitamins-sources\">\n\t\t<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tab_component table\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"40%\">Constituent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">Amount<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">Min-Max<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">% VNR<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.td-src {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twhite-space: normal !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<h5>Zoom on vitamins<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Williams pears provide the equivalent of 9.20% of DRVs for vitamin B9, i.e. 18.40 \u00b5g per 100 g.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The quantity of other <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/fr\/article-dossier\/vitamines\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vitamins <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">represents less than 4% of DRVs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*Calculation made: Beta Carotene \/ 6 + retinol<\/span><\/p>\n","mineraux-et-oligo-elements":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"single-card-tabs\">\n\t<ul class=\"nav nav-tabs visible-xs visible-sm visible-md visible-lg no-bullet\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t<li role=\"presentation\" class=\"active\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#minerals-and-trace-elements-values\" aria-controls=\"minerals-and-trace-elements-values\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" class=\"text-decoration-none\">\n\t\t\t\tValues\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li role=\"presentation\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#minerals-and-trace-elements-sources\" aria-controls=\"minerals-and-trace-elements-sources\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" class=\"text-decoration-none\">\n\t\t\t\tSources\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tab-content\">\n\t<div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane active\" id=\"minerals-and-trace-elements-values\">\n\t\t<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tab_component table\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"40%\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstituent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAverage content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMin-Max<br\/>per 100g\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t% VNR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane\" id=\"minerals-and-trace-elements-sources\">\n\t\t<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tab_component table\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"40%\">Constituent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">Amount<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">Min-Max<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">% VNR<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.td-src {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twhite-space: normal !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<h5>Zoom on minerals and trace elements<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Williams pear provides the equivalent of:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6% of DRVs for potassium, i.e. 120 mg per 100 g;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5% of DRVs for copper, i.e. 0.05 mg per 100 g.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The amount of other <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/fr\/article-dossier\/mineraux\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">minerals <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and trace elements represents less than 2% of DRVs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","polyphenols":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"single-card-tabs\">\n\t<ul class=\"nav nav-tabs visible-xs visible-sm visible-md visible-lg no-bullet\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t<li role=\"presentation\" class=\"active\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#polyphenols-values\" aria-controls=\"polyphenols-values\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" class=\"text-decoration-none\">\n\t\t\t\tValues\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li role=\"presentation\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#polyphenols-sources\" aria-controls=\"polyphenols-sources\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" class=\"text-decoration-none\">\n\t\t\t\tSources\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tab-content\">\n\t<div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane active\" id=\"polyphenols-values\">\n\t\t<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tab_component table\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"40%\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstituent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(g)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAverage content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMin-Max<br\/>per 100g\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane\" id=\"polyphenols-sources\">\n\t\t<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tab_component table\">\n\t\t\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"40%\">Constituent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(g)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">Amount<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<th width=\"20%\" class=\"text-center\">Min-Max<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.td-src {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\twhite-space: normal !important;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<h5>Zoom on polyphenols (unknown varieties of pears analysed, without skin)<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Polyphenols are substances with an antioxidant effect.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hydroxycinnamic acids, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which are part of the phenolic acids, are predominantly present in pear composites, representing 42.10% of the total polyphenols identified.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Next come <\/span><b>flavanols<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which are part of the flavonoids (41.10% of total polyphenols).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","allegations_nutritionnelles":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the definitions of nutrition claims as set out in Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006 on nutrition and health claims, and in view of the composition of the Williams pear, the following nutrition claim may be used:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>NUTRITION CLAIMS OF WILLIAMS PEARS (raw, without skin)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fat-free <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(100 g of Williams pears contain less than 0.5 g of fat)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><span style=\"color: #7dba2f;\">Source of fibre<\/span> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(100 g of Williams pears provide more than 3 g of 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