{"id":96552,"date":"2023-12-21T11:35:04","date_gmt":"2023-12-21T10:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=article_revue&#038;p=96552"},"modified":"2023-12-21T11:35:08","modified_gmt":"2023-12-21T10:35:08","slug":"u-s-dietary-patterns-shift-towards-a-vegetarian-vegan-dietary-pattern-and-less-red-meat-for-a-more-sustainable-diet","status":"publish","type":"article_revue","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/u-s-dietary-patterns-shift-towards-a-vegetarian-vegan-dietary-pattern-and-less-red-meat-for-a-more-sustainable-diet\/","title":{"rendered":"U.S. dietary patterns: shift towards a vegetarian\/vegan dietary pattern and less red meat for a more sustainable diet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/art-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-96553\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The U.S. agri-food system has significant environmental impacts in terms of climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, land use and water use. In order to face this challenge and make U.S. food systems more sustainable, a shift in American dietary patterns is critical. The present study is a unique environmental assessment of U.S. dietary patterns. It aims to determine the environmental impact of five different U.S. dietary patterns as well as the specific impact of each food subgroup within each dietary pattern with three indicators: GHG emission, land use and water use. According to this work, omnivore diets contributed the greatest to GHG emissions, land use and water use- red meat and dairy milk being the major contributors- whereas the Vegan diet scored the lowest across all indicators.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Agriculture and forestry<\/strong> in the <strong>U.S. <\/strong>have <strong>significant environmental impacts<\/strong>. Together, they are estimated to account for <strong>11.2% of GHG emissions<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">USDA, 2022<\/a>). Moreover, <strong>agriculture<\/strong> uses approximately <strong>80% of U.S. total ground<\/strong> and <strong>surface wate<\/strong>r (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/Surveys\/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys\/Irrigation_Organizations\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">USDA, 2019<\/a>), and exploits <strong>65% of U.S. land<\/strong> for grazed forestland, pastures and ranges, and cropland (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/amber-waves\/2012\/march\/data-feature-how-is-land-used\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nickerson et al., 2012<\/a>). According to the EAT-Lancet report, o<strong>ne potential impactful strategy<\/strong> <strong>to face this challenge and increasing the sustainability of our global food system<\/strong> <strong>is changing dietary behaviors<\/strong>, specifically <strong>adopting more sustainable diets <\/strong>than the current Western dietary patterns with<strong> less meat and dairies<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(18)31788-4\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Willett et al., 2019<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0165797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Aleksandrowicz et al., 2016<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24898230\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Soret et al., 2014<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0306919210001132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Garnett et al., 2011<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet, much of the literature referenced in EAT-Lancet report has been conducted in European countries. Only few studies conducted in North America focused on the U.S. food system. Additionally, the types of dietary behaviors and food items examined in the U.S. studies were limited, and\/or only one climate indicator was examined in isolation rather than multiple indicators simultaneously. Therefore, the present study (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36615871\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jennings et al., 2023<\/a><\/strong>) aims to determine the environmental impact with <strong><span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_custom_3623a0c5dc925e3ba92ce8970179be8f classtoolTipsCustomShortCodeOnlyForMultiTooltips'>three indicators<\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\">jQuery(\"document\").ready(function(){ toolTips('.tooltip_post_id_custom_3623a0c5dc925e3ba92ce8970179be8f',\"land use, water use, and GHG emissions\",'0'); });<\/script><\/strong>, using U.S. environmental data, of <strong>five different U.S. dietary patterns<\/strong>: the Current U. S., the Healthy U. S., Healthy Mediterranean, Healthy Vegetarian, and Vegan. The specific impact of each food subgroup within each dietary pattern on the three environmental indicators was also examined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Omnivore dietary patterns have greater environmental impacts on land use, water use and GHG emissions than vegetarian and vegan die<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong><span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_custom_99414dd0b5007c1c83d067b71600343a classtoolTipsCustomShortCodeOnlyForMultiTooltips'>three omnivore diets<\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\">jQuery(\"document\").ready(function(){ toolTips('.tooltip_post_id_custom_99414dd0b5007c1c83d067b71600343a',\"the Current U. S., the Healthy U. S., Healthy Mediterranean\",'0'); });<\/script><\/strong> contributed the greatest to all <strong>three environmental indicators<\/strong> studied in the present paper (i.e., land use, water use and GHG emissions). In contrast, vegetarian and vegan diets have the lowest impacts on environmental indicators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As shown in figure 1, <strong>current U.S diet<\/strong> had the greatest<strong> land use<\/strong>, followed by healthy U.S. and Mediterranean diet. For <strong>water use <\/strong>indicator, <strong>healthy U.S. <\/strong>had the highest impact, followed by Mediterranean diet and current U.S. Finally, for <strong>GHG emissions<\/strong>, <strong>mediterranean diet <\/strong>contributed the most, followed by healthy U.S. and current U.S. diet.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"707\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Capture-707x510.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-96561\" style=\"width:675px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1: Land use, water use and GHG emission<\/em>s <em>of each American diet (adapted from Jennings et al., 2023)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Red meat is the major contributor to all indicators in omnivore dietary patterns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When examining the specific impact of each food subgroup within each dietary pattern on the three environmental impacts, the results showed that <strong>red meat had the greatest contribution to all indicators in the case of the three omnivore diets<\/strong>. Dairy milk is also of concern for all three indicators, and low omega-3 fish for GHG emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As regards the t<strong>wo dietary patterns that do not include animal protein<\/strong> (i.e., vegetarian and vegan), the <strong>dairy food group <\/strong>and the <strong>nuts\/seeds food group<\/strong> score the <strong>highest GHG emissions<\/strong>. For <strong>water use<\/strong>, the <strong>nuts\/seeds group contribute the most in the vegan pattern<\/strong>, while <strong>dairy milk in the vegetarian pattern<\/strong>. Lastly, for <strong>land use, dairy milk, dairy cheese, and whole grains <\/strong>are the<strong> largest contributors<\/strong> in the <strong>vegetarian diet<\/strong>, while <strong>whole grains and refined grains <\/strong>contribute the most in<strong> the vegan diet<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">More work is needed to understand how to encourage individuals to adopt sustainable dietary behaviors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The findings of this <strong>unique environmental assessmen<\/strong>t of U.S. dietary patterns provide <strong>environmental data<\/strong>, beyond GHG emissions, <strong>to facilitate a deeper reflection on the potential trade-offs of dietary patterns<\/strong>. However, <strong>many environmental, economic, and social externalities<\/strong> such as nutritional adequacy, cultural acceptability, optimization of human resources, and economic affordability <strong>were not included<\/strong> in this analysis but <strong>should be considered <\/strong>to potentially add to a <strong>more holistic view <\/strong>of the <strong>sustainability of diets<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to this work, <strong>switching to dietary patterns characterized by less red meat<\/strong>, such as the vegan vegetarian dietary patterns, will lead to a <strong>reduction in land use, water use, as well as in GHG emissions<\/strong>, for per-capita food production, based on current practices, and thus <strong>greater food security<\/strong>. What remains to be studied and understood is <strong>how to encourage individuals to make this transition towards more sustainable dietary behaviors<\/strong> in order to foster greater household food security in the U.S. and globally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Based on<\/strong>: Jennings R., et al. Five U.S. Dietary Patterns and Their Relationship to Land Use, Water Use, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Implications for Future Food Security. Nutrients, 2023; 15(1): 215.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__stylized-list\">\n    <div class=\"block__stylized-list__leading\" id=\"block__stylized-list__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-regular fa-pen-to-square\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>Methodology<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div id=\"block__stylized-list__content\" style=\"display: none;\"><ul>\n<li>A cross-sectional study design that utilized existing datasets for all variables.<\/li>\n<li>The five dietary patterns assessed in this study included the Current U.S. diet as well as four recommended dietary patterns at the 2000-calorie level as defined by the USDA: Healthy U.S. (2020), Healthy Mediterranean (2020), Healthy Vegetarian (2020).<\/li>\n<li>Three environmental indicators were studied: water use L\/Kg (from the Pfister and Bayer data set), land use m2\/kg (the U.S. Census database) and GHG emissions CO2 eq\/kg (from dataFIELD database).<\/li>\n<li>Life-cycle assessment approach was used: full stages for GHG emissions and only on-farm stage for land and water use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__solid-colored\">\n    <div class=\"block__solid-colored__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-regular fa-square-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>Key messages<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"block__solid-colored__content\"><ul>\n<li>The three omnivore diets contributed the greatest to GHG emissions, land use and water use, whereas the Vegan diet scored the lowest across all indicators.<\/li>\n<li>Red meat is the major contributor to all indicators in omnivore dietary patterns.<\/li>\n<li>In vegetarian and vegan dietary patterns, dairy foods, nuts\/seeds, and grains are the major contributors to environmental impacts.<\/li>\n<li>Switching to dietary patterns characterized by less red meat, such as the vegan vegetarian dietary patterns, will lead to a reduction in land use, water use, as well as in GHG emissions, for per-capita food production, based on current practices, and thus greater food security.<br \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__reference\">\n    <div class=\"block__reference__leading\" id=\"block__reference__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share-from-square\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>References<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"block__reference__entries\" id=\"block__reference__entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>USDA. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990\u20132022. USDA; Washington, DC, USA: 2022. USDA, Economic Research Service using data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>USDA. 2019 Survey of Irrigation Organizations. USDA; Washington, DC, USA: 2019. Economic Research Service and National Agricultural Statistics Service.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Nickerson C., Borchers A. How Is Land in the United States Used? A Focus on Agricultural Land. Amber Waves ERS Publications. Mar 1, 2012.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Willett W., et al. Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT\u2013Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems. The Lancet. 2019;393:447\u2013492. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Aleksandrowicz L., et al. The Impacts of Adopting Environmentally Sustainable and Healthy Diets on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Land Use, and Water Use: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0165797. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Soret S., et al. Climate Change Mitigation and Health Effects of Varied Dietary Patterns in Real-Life Settings throughout North America. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014;100:490S\u2013495S.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Garnett T. Where Are the Best Opportunities for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Food System (Including the Food Chain)? Food Policy. 2011;36:S23\u2013S32.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-96552","article_revue","type-article_revue","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"auteur":"","source":"","revue":[{"ID":96548,"post_author":"25","post_date":"2023-12-21 11:34:16","post_date_gmt":"2023-12-21 10:34:16","post_content":"<!-- wp:image {\"id\":96565,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/edito.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-96565\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>Food systems<\/strong> have an evident role in <strong>both non communicable diseases and climate change<\/strong>. <strong>A transition toward food production and dietary patterns that have lower environmental impact and better health outcomes is therefore essential<\/strong>. Numerous studies are currently exploring how <strong>diet-related environmental impacts<\/strong> could be <strong>improved <\/strong>while <strong>considering nutritional quality<\/strong>, <strong>health<\/strong>, <strong>economic and social dimensions<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Three recent articles addressing the issue of <strong>aligning sustainability with its different dimensions<\/strong> are summarized in this month\u2019s issue of the Global Fruit &amp; Vegetables Newsletter.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The first article is a systematic review providing <strong>up-to-date evidence<\/strong> on the <strong>environmental impacts<\/strong> of <strong>adhering to [tooltips keyword=\"a priori\" content = \"An a priori dietary pattern is based on predefined algorithms to quantify food and nutrient intake based on existing knowledge about the relationships between food, nutrients, and disease\"] defined dietary patterns<\/strong>. According to this work, <strong>improving diet quality can reduce diet-related environmental impacts<\/strong>, although <strong>not in all cases<\/strong>. <strong>Additional research is needed<\/strong> to clarify how <strong>healthy diets with lower environmental impact are related to financial costs<\/strong>. While consuming organic foods resulted in higher costs, dietary patterns with higher environmental impact were also higher cost within the pre-defined set of nutritionally adequate dietary patterns.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The second article evaluated the <strong>[tooltips keyword=\"environmental impact\" content = \"land use, water use and GHG emissions\"] of [tooltips keyword=\"five different U.S. dietary patterns\" content = \"Current U.S., the Healthy U.S., Mediterranean, Healthy Vegetarian, and Vegan\"]<\/strong>, including the impacts of each food subgroup. Findings showed that <strong>omnivore dietary patterns have greater environmental impacts<\/strong> on land use, water use and GHG emissions than vegetarian and vegan diets. <strong>Red meat<\/strong> was the <strong>major contributor to all three environmental impacts<\/strong> in <strong>omnivore dietary patterns<\/strong>, with a much <strong>greater magnitude<\/strong> than the top contributors in vegetarian and vegan diets (dairy foods, nuts\/seeds, and grains).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The third article assessed the <strong>nutritional quality and greenhouse gas emissions<\/strong> of <strong>vegetarian and non-vegetarian school meals<\/strong> served in <strong>primary schools<\/strong> in France. Findings showed that <strong>increasing the frequency of vegetarian meals<\/strong>, by serving egg-based, dairy-based or vegan recipes more frequently, would <strong>reduce greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining the nutritional quality<\/strong> of the meals served in primary schools.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>These three articles highlight that <strong>healthy dietary patterns are generally more aligned with sustainability than less healthy dietary patterns,<\/strong> particularly those that consume red meat in excess. Strategies are needed to improve sustainability while also fostering economic and social inclusion.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:acf\/pictureable {\"name\":\"acf\/pictureable\",\"data\":{\"authors_0_fully_name\":\"Anna Herforth\",\"_authors_0_fully_name\":\"field_pictureable_author_fully_name\",\"authors_0_profession\":\"Senior Research Associate\",\"_authors_0_profession\":\"field_pictureable_author_profession\",\"authors_0_information\":\"Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, United States\",\"_authors_0_information\":\"field_pictureable_author_information\",\"authors_0_picture\":96550,\"_authors_0_picture\":\"field_pictureable_author_picture\",\"authors\":1,\"_authors\":\"field_pictureable_authors\"},\"align\":\"center\",\"mode\":\"auto\"} \/-->\n\n<!-- wp:acf\/about {\"name\":\"acf\/about\",\"data\":{\"title\":\"About the author\",\"_title\":\"field_about_title\",\"content\":\"Anna Herforth is a Senior Research Associate at Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, and a Visiting Senior Researcher at Wageningen University \\u0026 Research. She holds a Ph.D. in International Nutrition from Cornell University, M.S. in Food Policy from Tufts University, and a B.S. in Plant Science from Cornell University. She is the Principal Investigator of the Global Diet Quality Project, and Co-Director of the Food Prices for Nutrition project. Dr Herforth is leading initiatives to improve measurement of food systems for healthy diets. She developed the Cost and Affordability of a Healthy Diet indicator that has recently been adopted by the UN FAO as a global food security indicator. She has worked in Africa, South Asia, and Latin America, including with agricultural and indigenous communities. Anna co-founded and co-leads the Agriculture-Nutrition Community of Practice (Ag2Nut), a professional community of over 9,000 members from 130 countries. \",\"_content\":\"field_about_content\"},\"align\":\"center\",\"mode\":\"auto\"} \/-->","post_title":"Are healthy dietary patterns aligned with sustainability?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"are-healthy-dietary-patterns-aligned-with-sustainability","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2024-10-24 17:30:46","post_modified_gmt":"2024-10-24 15:30:46","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=revue&#038;p=96548","menu_order":21,"post_type":"revue","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"position":"2","references":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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