{"id":94803,"date":"2023-10-03T17:36:11","date_gmt":"2023-10-03T15:36:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=article_revue&#038;p=94803"},"modified":"2023-10-03T17:42:22","modified_gmt":"2023-10-03T15:42:22","slug":"food-security-a-key-component-for-sustain-life-and-health","status":"publish","type":"article_revue","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/food-security-a-key-component-for-sustain-life-and-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Food security, a key component for sustain life and health"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Article-1-ok.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-94804\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__unpictureable\">\n    <strong class=\"block__unpictureable__title\">Author(s)<\/strong>\n    <div class=\"block__unpictureable__items\">\n                    <div class=\"block__unpictureable__item\">\n                <strong>Yogeeswari Subramaniam<\/strong>\n                <span>University of Technology Malaysia, Malaysia<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Food is an essential requirement for human health, yet more than 30% of the world population is suffering from food insecurity. Developing countries are more particularly concerned by food insecurity but also by low life expectancy and health-related issues. A recent work assessed the association between the four pillars of food security (i.e., availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability) and health in 56 developing countries. According to this work, the four dimensions have a positive and significant relationship with health outcomes. Income and education are positively associated with health while poverty has a deleterious impact. The authors highlight the need for governments to provide equal support to all four dimensions to promote better nutrition and health.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2020, 2.4 billion people, or<strong> above 30% of the world\u2019s population<\/strong>, were moderately or severely <strong>food-insecure<\/strong>, lacking regular access to adequate food<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/hunger\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> (United Nations, 2023)<\/a>. Yet,<strong> food is an essential requirement for the sustenance of human life <\/strong>as each of the food groups provide a variety of nutrients for body\u2019s growth, reducing disease risk and promoting good health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Developing countries are mostly concerned<\/strong> by food insecurity and its impact on health, with 8.9% of developing countries facing food insecurity <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/topic-details\/GHO\/world-health-statistics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(WHO, 2021)<\/a>. Compared to developed countries, the <strong>average life expectancy<\/strong> of people who are born in developing countries <strong>is lower <\/strong>(80.5 vs 66 years in 2020) <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\">(World Bank, 2022<\/a>). In addition to facilitating and capturing food production, food security also focuses on a <strong>person\u2019s ability to consume sufficient and nutritious food on a sustained basis<\/strong>. Therefore, to achieve the objective of food security,<strong> all four <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_custom_3d61bf0a5144dcc953e53ed8c83637b8 classtoolTipsCustomShortCodeOnlyForMultiTooltips'>pillars<\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\">jQuery(\"document\").ready(function(){ toolTips('.tooltip_post_id_custom_3d61bf0a5144dcc953e53ed8c83637b8',\"<\/strong>food availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability<strong>\",'0'); });<\/script> should be considered<\/strong> on how they are linked to health and should be satisfied simultaneously (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00036849500000076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Blaylock et al., 1995<\/a>; P<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12571-008-0002-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">instrup-Andersen et al., 2009;<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27352453\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_79592 classtoolTips79592'>FAO<\/span>, 2016)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To investigate the <strong>association between food security and health,<\/strong> several studies (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26526240\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gundersen et al., 2015<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15333724\/\">Stuff et al., 2004<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28608473\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Berkowitz et al., 2018<\/a>) have used the general term \u201cfood insecurity\u201d instead of the four dimensions of food security.<strong> To fill this gap<\/strong> in the existing literature, this study (<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/27551938231163991?journalCode=johb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Subramaniam et al., 2023<\/a>) focuses on how each of <strong>the four dimensions of food security<\/strong> affects health conditions in <strong>56 developing countries,<\/strong> using a <strong><span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_custom_8edcf7e396ab8e39360e59da1579ea5d classtoolTipsCustomShortCodeOnlyForMultiTooltips'>comprehensive measure of food security<\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\">jQuery(\"document\").ready(function(){ toolTips('.tooltip_post_id_custom_8edcf7e396ab8e39360e59da1579ea5d',\"<\/strong>a dynamic panel generalized methods of moments (GMM) technique was recently developed to address the presence of a country-specific effect, lagged dependent variable, and explanatory variables endogeneity.<strong>\",'0'); });<\/script> <\/strong> for the period 2011-2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Food security is significantly associated with improved health among developing countries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The four dimensions of food security reveal a <strong>positive and significant relationship with health outcomes. <\/strong>This may be explained by the observed link between food security and a <strong>reduced risk of birth defects and hospitalization<\/strong>, as well as <strong>increased nutrient intake<\/strong>, all of which contribute to overall health improvements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Increasing <strong>food availability<\/strong> has a positive influence on food consumption by expanding <strong>healthy food options and diet quality<\/strong>, which in turn, improves people\u2019s health and well-being. An increase in <strong>food accessibility<\/strong> would also improve the <strong>intake of nutritious food <\/strong>such as fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, and dairy and therefore, may reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve individuals\u2019 nutritional well-being (i.e., an individual\u2019s food utilization containing all of the required nutrients).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, improved food security in terms of availability (i.e., more supply), accessibility, utilization of healthy food products, and stability (i.e., more certainty in production) facilitates the <strong>access of sufficient, <\/strong>and <strong>culturally appropriate<\/strong> and <strong>nutritious food<\/strong> to meet dietary requirement and preferences for a healthy life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Income, poverty, and education affect health<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Besides the four dimensions of food security, it was shown that income, poverty,and education affect health.<\/strong> More precisely, <strong>income <\/strong>was significantly and <strong>positively associated <\/strong>with health in developing countries, while poverty has deleterious effects on health outcomes. People with higher income were found to be <strong>healthier <\/strong>whereas those with lower income unhealthier. This may be explained by the fact that higher income improves people\u2019s ability to access nutritious and safe food, lowering their risk of chronic disease and allowing them to live longer. On the contrary,<strong> people living in poverty are more vulnerable to disease and death <\/strong>because they cannot afford proper nutrition, clean water, proper sanitation, and hygiene facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to these two variables, <strong>education has a positive<\/strong> and significant <strong>effect on health<\/strong> outcomes in developing countries, which is consistent with results of other researchers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Governments need to provide equal support to all four dimensions of food security to promote better health<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on the findings of the present study, <strong>governments in developing countries should promote the progressive realization of the right to adequate food<\/strong> and enable collective actions that address the four pillars of food security and nutrition while <strong>keeping equality and non-discrimination.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover,<strong> governments need to consider how domestic policies influence the four dimensions of food security.<\/strong> For instance, a redesign of national policies and guidelines on food availability as well as the other three pillars must be implemented in order to achieve a win-win situation for the development of food security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Based on: <\/strong>Subramaniam Y, Loganathan N, Tang CF. Effect of Food Security on Health in Developing Countries. Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv. 2023 Apr 10:27551938231163991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__about\">\n    <strong class=\"block__about__title\">Definition of food security<\/strong>\n    <div class=\"block__about__content\"><p>\u201cFood security exists when all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life\u201d. This definition has widely established the four pillars of food security: <\/li>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Availability<\/strong>: The availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports (including food aid)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Accessibility<\/strong>: Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Entitlements are defined as the set of all commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economic, and social arrangements of the community in which they live (including traditional rights such as access to common resources).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Utilization<\/strong>: Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation, and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stability<\/strong>: To be food secure, a population, household or individual must have access to adequate food at all times. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g., an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g., seasonal food insecurity). The concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__stylized-list\">\n    <div class=\"block__stylized-list__leading\" id=\"block__stylized-list__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-regular fa-pen-to-square\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>Methodology<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div id=\"block__stylized-list__content\" style=\"display: none;\"><ul>\n<li> The nexus between food security and health was examined using a balanced panel dataset of annual observations from 56 developing countries from the period 2011\u20132019.<\/li>\n<li> Data on health (represented by life expectancy at birth, total in years), income (denoted here as the GDP per capita in constant 2010 U.S. Dollars), education (represented by Gross Enrolment Ratio, % total enrolment), and poverty (described here in term of Population Below Poverty Line, % total population) were collected from the world development indicators published by the World Bank.<\/li>\n<li> A dynamic panel two-step system GMM was employed as an efficient estimation method as this method is appropriate for finite and small sample sizes. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__solid-colored\">\n    <div class=\"block__solid-colored__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-regular fa-square-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>Key messages<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"block__solid-colored__content\"><ul>\n<li> Food security is significantly associated with health in developing countries, showing that an increment in food security will improve health. <\/li>\n<li> A rise in 4 dimensions of food security (availability, accessibility, utilization, stability) facilitates the access of sufficient and culturally appropriate and nutritious food to meet dietary requirement and thus, improve health. <\/li>\n<li> Governments in developing countries should promote the progressive realization of the right to adequate food and enable collective actions that address the four dimensions of food security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__reference\">\n    <div class=\"block__reference__leading\" id=\"block__reference__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share-from-square\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>References<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"block__reference__entries\" id=\"block__reference__entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>World Health Organization. The Global Health Observatory. Retrieved December 2021<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>World Bank. World development indicators. Retrieved December 2022. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Blaylock JR, Blisard WN. Food security and health status in the United States. Appl Econ. 1995;27(10):961\u2013966.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Pinstrup-Andersen P. Food security: definition and measurement. Food Secur. 2009;1(1):5\u20137. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span><span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_79592 classtoolTips79592'>FAO<\/span> I. WFP. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015. Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress. Food Agric Org Rome Italy. 2016.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Gundersen C, Ziliak JP. Food Insecurity And Health Outcomes. Health Aff (Millwood). 2015 Nov;34(11):1830-9. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Stuff JE, et al. Household food insecurity is associated with adult health status. J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2330-5.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Berkowitz SA, et al. Food Insecurity and Health Care Expenditures in the United States, 2011-2013. Health Serv Res. 2018 Jun;53(3):1600-1620. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span><span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_79592 classtoolTips79592'>FAO<\/span>, 2006. Food security. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-94803","article_revue","type-article_revue","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"auteur":"","source":"","revue":[{"ID":95351,"post_author":"25","post_date":"2023-10-03 17:26:35","post_date_gmt":"2023-10-03 15:26:35","post_content":"<!-- wp:image {\"id\":95347,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Edito-ok.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-95347\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>As the world's population continues to grow, <strong>feeding people adequate, healthy food<\/strong> to eliminate hunger and malnutrition is a crucial challenge. This constant demographic growth can be seen as an obstacle to sustainable development and to food security. By 2020, more than 30% of the world's population will be food insecure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/hunger\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">United Nations, 2023<\/a>). Four pillars define food security: physical <strong>availability <\/strong>of food determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade; <strong>economic and physical access to food<\/strong>; <strong>food utilization<\/strong>, commonly understood as the way the body makes the most of various nutrients in the food; and <strong>stability <\/strong>of the other three dimensions over time. In order to achieve food security objectives, <strong>all four dimensions must be fulfilled simultaneously <\/strong>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/templates\/faoitaly\/documents\/pdf\/pdf_Food_Security_Cocept_Note.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">FAO, 2006<\/a>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This month, the Global Fruit &amp; Veg Newsletter focuses on the <strong>link between food security, human health, and sustainability<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/food-security-a-key-component-for-sustain-life-and-health\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">first article<\/a> studies the <strong>impact of the four dimensions of food security<\/strong> on <strong>health <\/strong>in 56 developing countries. The findings show a <strong>significant association between food security and health<\/strong>. The authors conclude that an <strong>increase in all dimensions<\/strong> eases the <strong>access <\/strong>of <strong>sufficient and culturally appropriate<\/strong> and <strong>nutritious food<\/strong> to meet dietary requirements and thus, improve <strong>health<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/the-mediterranean-diet-case-biodiversity-a-key-requirement-for-food-diversity-and-food-security\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">second article<\/a> investigates the <strong>differences in food plant diversity<\/strong> between the Mediterranean dietary pattern and Western-type consumption patterns and their impact on food security. According to this work, a h<strong>igher agricultural biodiversity<\/strong> was observed in the <strong>Mediterranean region, with a higher diversity in food plants<\/strong> <strong>species, subspecies, varieties, and races<\/strong> in the Mediterranean diet. Therefore, <strong>biodiversity <\/strong>could <strong>constitute a requirement for dietary diversity<\/strong>, and hence <strong>nutritional security<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/fight-against-food-insecurity-in-sub-saharan-africa-educating-about-the-indigenous-vegetables-improves-the-food-security\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">third article<\/a> explores <strong>how seasonality may influence the impact of education interventions on food security<\/strong>, <strong>diet quality and consumption of African indigenous vegetables<\/strong>. Interventions <strong>combining nutrition, cooking and production education<\/strong> may have a <strong>protective effect against seasonal fluctuations <\/strong>in the <strong>availability <\/strong>and <strong>affordability <\/strong>of African indigenous vegetables, as demonstrated by a higher dietary diversity score among women.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>These three articles highlight the <strong>importance of addressing the four dimensions of food security to promote better health and sustainability<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:acf\/pictureable {\"name\":\"acf\/pictureable\",\"data\":{\"authors_0_fully_name\":\"Boitshepo Bibi Giyose\",\"_authors_0_fully_name\":\"field_pictureable_author_fully_name\",\"authors_0_profession\":\"Senior Nutrition Officer for Policy and Programmes - FAO\",\"_authors_0_profession\":\"field_pictureable_author_profession\",\"authors_0_information\":\"Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD), South Africa \",\"_authors_0_information\":\"field_pictureable_author_information\",\"authors_0_picture\":95349,\"_authors_0_picture\":\"field_pictureable_author_picture\",\"authors\":1,\"_authors\":\"field_pictureable_authors\"},\"align\":\"center\",\"mode\":\"auto\"} \/-->\n\n<!-- wp:acf\/about {\"name\":\"acf\/about\",\"data\":{\"title\":\"About the author\",\"_title\":\"field_about_title\",\"content\":\"Boitshepo Bibi Giyose is a Senior Nutrition Officer for Policy and Programmes in the Nutrition and Food Systems Division at FAO, but currently on secondment to the African Union Development Agency (\\u003ca href=\\u0022https:\/\/www.nepad.org\/\\u0022 rel=\\u0022noopener\\u0022 target=\\u0022_blank\\u0022\\u003eAUDA-NEPAD\\u003c\/a\\u003e) as special advisor to the CEO since January 2018.\u202f\u202f \\r\\n\\r\\nHer work focuses on integrating and mainstreaming nutrition into agriculture and related development agendas, and to promote a multisector approach for addressing all forms of malnutrition.\u202f\u202f \\r\\n\\r\\nShe holds a MS in International Nutrition from Cornell University, NY. and a BS in Nutrition and Dietetics from Appalachian State University, USA.\u202f \\r\\n\\r\\nMs. Giyose was awarded a \u201cDistinguished Alumna Award\u201d in recognition of exceptional professional achievement by Appalachian State University in 2007. She was also named Senior Policy Scholar in 2011 by the Global Child Nutrition Foundation \u2013 USA \u2013 for her work on Home Grown School Feeding. She has served on numerous international scientific technical and policy advisory committees.\u202f \",\"_content\":\"field_about_content\"},\"align\":\"center\",\"mode\":\"auto\"} \/-->","post_title":"Food security, human health, and sustainability","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"food-security-human-health-and-sustainability","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2024-10-24 17:28:48","post_modified_gmt":"2024-10-24 15:28:48","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=revue&#038;p=95351","menu_order":27,"post_type":"revue","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"position":"1","references":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Food security, a key component for sustain life and 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