{"id":92881,"date":"2023-06-30T10:04:11","date_gmt":"2023-06-30T08:04:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=article_revue&p=92881"},"modified":"2023-06-30T10:13:56","modified_gmt":"2023-06-30T08:13:56","slug":"polyphenols-from-fruit-and-vegetable-and-their-effects-on-the-glycemic-control-and-metabolic-parameters-in-individuals-with-type-2-diabetes","status":"publish","type":"article_revue","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/polyphenols-from-fruit-and-vegetable-and-their-effects-on-the-glycemic-control-and-metabolic-parameters-in-individuals-with-type-2-diabetes\/","title":{"rendered":"Polyphenols from fruit and vegetable and their effects on the glycemic control and metabolic parameters in individuals with type 2 diabetes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Individuals with type 2 diabetes have relative insulin deficiency and peripheral insulin resistance (American Diabetes Association, 2020<\/a>). Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes can lead to prolonged hyperglycemia, potentially destroying nerves and blood vessels, leading to neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases. A healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables is recommended for type 2 diabetes prevention and management. Indeed, the Medical Nutrition Therapy Guidelines for type 2 diabetes recommend a daily intake of at least five servings of fruit and vegetables to help people attain and maintain normal blood glucose levels (Malaysian Dietitian\u2019s Association, 2013<\/a>). Polyphenols, bioactive compounds found in fruit and vegetables, may explain their benefits for type 2 diabetes, in addition to dietary fibers. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the effects of polyphenols mainly found in the fruit and vegetables on the glycemic control and metabolic parameters, in pre- and post-intervention between polyphenol-treated and placebo groups in patients with diabetes type 2.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A wide variety of polyphenols from plants-based with antioxidant activity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Polyphenols are naturally secondary metabolites in plants such as fruit, vegetables, legumes and cereals, with over 8,000 polyphenols compounds identified. Polyphenols differ in the number and bonding structure of phenol rings (Kim, 2016<\/a>). Their main function is generally to defend the plant against aggression, particularly ultraviolet radiation and pathogens. Polyphenols are divided into 2 classes: flavonoids (flavanols, flavonols, flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanins) and non-flavonoids like phenolic acids, stilbene and lignans (Pandey, 2009<\/a> ; Kim, 2016<\/a>). In addition their health benefits, the presence of polyphenolic compounds in foods can affect sensory properties such as taste, flavor, color and odor (Pandey, 2009<\/a>). There is growing interest from researchers in understanding the effects of polyphenols on blood glucose levels. Furthermore, the poor absorption of dietary polyphenols resulted in a large proportion of the ingested polyphenols reaching the colon, where they can modulate the relative abundance of gut microbiota and hinder dysbiosis, an alteration in the gut microbiota, which is associated with obesity and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (Wang, 2021<\/a>). Polyphenols found in fruit and vegetables are essential and therefore, patients with type 2 diabetes are encouraged to consume the recommended intake of fruit and vegetables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polyphenols from fruit and vegetables can have a significant improvement in glycemic contro<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nine intervention studies examining the effect of various polyphenols on glycemic control and metabolic parameters have been selected (table 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sources\/types of flavonoid<\/strong><\/td>\nDose (mg\/dL)<\/strong><\/td>\nDuration of intervention<\/strong><\/td>\nNumber of participants<\/strong><\/td>\nResults<\/strong><\/td>\nStudies references<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Purified anthocyanins capsules
from natural bilberry and black-currant<\/td>\n		320<\/td>\n12 weeks<\/td>\n160<\/td>\nFBG: no change
HbA1c: decrease
Insulin: no change
TC and TG: no change
HDL-C and LDL-C: decrease<\/td>\n		Yang, 2017<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Resveratrol capsules<\/td>\n480<\/td>\n4 weeks<\/td>\n43<\/td>\nFBG: no change
Insulin: decrease
HOMA-IR: decrease
TG: no change<\/td>\n		Zare Javid, 2017<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Resveratrol capsules<\/td>\n800<\/td>\n8 weeks<\/td>\n45<\/td>\nFBG: decrease
HbA1c: no change
Insulin: decrease
HOMA-IR: decrease
HDL-C: decrease
TC and TG: no change
LDL-C: decrease<\/td>\n		Khodabandehloo, 2018<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Resveratrol capsules<\/td>\n1,000<\/td>\n8 weeks<\/td>\n71<\/td>\nFBG: decrease
HbA1c: no change
Insulin: decrease
HOMA-IR: decrease
TC, TG, and LDL-C: no changes
HDL-C: increase<\/td>\n		Abdollahi, 2019<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bergamot polyphenolic fraction<\/td>\n650<\/td>\n30 days<\/td>\n <\/td>\nFBG: decrease
TC, TG, and LDL-C: decrease
HDL-C: increase<\/td>\n		Mollace, 2019<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Freeze-dried blueberries<\/td>\n22 (contain 262 mg anthocyanins)<\/td>\n8 weeks<\/td>\n60<\/td>\nHbA1c and TG were significantly
lower in freeze-dried blueberries
than placebo groups<\/td>\n		Stote, 2020<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Purified anthocyanins capsules from natural bilberry and black-currant<\/td>\n320<\/td>\n12 weeks<\/td>\n138<\/td>\nFBG: no change
HbA1c: decrease
HOMA-IR: no change
TC and TG: no change
HDL-C and LDL-C: decrease<\/td>\n		Yang, 2021<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Powdered anthocyanins capsules from natural bilberry and black-
currant<\/td>\n		320<\/td>\n4 weeks<\/td>\n26<\/td>\nFBG: decrease
LDL-C: decrease
TC, TG, and HDL-C: no change<\/td>\n		Nikbakht, 2021<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Resveratrol capsules<\/td>\n1,000<\/td>\n5 weeks<\/td>\n28<\/td>\nThere were no significant differ-
ences in FBG and HbA1c between
resveratrol and placebo treatments<\/td>\n		Thazhath, 2016<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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Six out of the 9 studies selected (table 1) reported that groups supplemented with polyphenols showed significant improvements in glycemic control based on the reductions in fasting blood sugar (FBG) (Khodabandehloo, 2018<\/a>\u202f; Abdollahi, 2019<\/a> ; Nikbakht, 2021<\/a>) or glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (Yang, 2017<\/a> ; Yang, 2021<\/a> ; Stote, 2020<\/a>). This is in line with the findings from a systematic review conducted in 2017, wherein resveratrol supplementation in Type 2 diabetes resulted in significant and clinically important changes, particularly in the FBG and HbA1c levels (Zhu, 2017<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regarding insulin levels, a significant decrease was observed after intervention with resveratrol (Zare Javid, 2017<\/a>\u202f; Khodabandehloo, 2018<\/a>\u202f; Abdollahi, 2019<\/a>) whereas intervention with anthocyanin reported no changes (Yang, 2017<\/a> ; Yang, 2021<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polyphenols compounds produce favorable lipid profile results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The beneficial effect observed pf resveratrol may be explained by its role as an activator of sirtuin 1, also known as silent information regulatory protein 1 (SIRT1). SIRT1 has numerous regulatory functions in the body: adiponectin secretion, inflammation, glucose production, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and circadian rhythms. Resveratrol, like other activators of SIRT1, promotes glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. In pancreatic \u00df-cells, SIRT1 has been shown to adjust insulin secretion, protect cells from oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulate insulin signaling (Ki-tada and Koya, 2013<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Few studies included in this review show that polyphenols have favorable effects on lipid profile, especially:<\/p>\n\n\n\n