{"id":90833,"date":"2023-03-30T14:13:09","date_gmt":"2023-03-30T12:13:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=article_revue&p=90833"},"modified":"2023-03-30T14:13:15","modified_gmt":"2023-03-30T12:13:15","slug":"plant-associated-microbiome-shaped-by-host-microorganisms-environment-interactions-and-defining-plant-health","status":"publish","type":"article_revue","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/plant-associated-microbiome-shaped-by-host-microorganisms-environment-interactions-and-defining-plant-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Plant-associated microbiome shaped by \u201chost-microorganisms-environment\u201d interactions and defining plant health"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Plants host a diversity of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protists, nematodes, and viruses), representing the plant microbiota. Numerous studies have linked individual microbial taxa and genes to plant colonization, physiology, and fitness (Bergelson, 2019<\/a>; Wagner, 2016<\/a>), including growth promotion, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance and resistance to pathogens (Backer, 2018<\/a>; Gouda, 2018<\/a>). Yet, members of a plant microbiota could also have not only beneficial but also neutral and pathogenic microorganisms. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant-associated microbial communities are structured by general rules for community assembly and show a defined phylogenetic organization (Carlstr\u00f6m, 2019<\/a>). Their assembly is governed by complex interactions among microorganisms, their plant host, and the environment, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The present review (Triveldi, 2020<\/a><\/strong>) explores the current understanding of the composition, assembly, and dynamics of plant-associated microbial communities and how those interactions modulate their beneficial traits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bacterial, fungal and viruses\u2019 communities from various plant-associated niches<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Clear differences<\/strong> are observed among the microbial communities<\/strong> and microbiome <\/strong>composition in different plant compartments<\/strong> (rhizosphere, endophytes and phyllosphere). For instance, in the endophytes<\/strong>, the most frequent members are Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes, whereas members of the Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi and Verrucomicrobianare are depleted. In the phyllosphere<\/strong>, the major community comprises bacteria belonging to phylum Proteobacteria and to the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinomycetes. These differences indicate that the plant compartment is a major selective factor<\/strong> that shapes the composition of plant-associated microbiota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the role of bacterial and fungal communities, soil and plant processes are directly influenced by other organisms<\/strong>, including viruses, archaea, nematodes, and protists. Viruses <\/strong>play mainly a critical part in bacterial community assembly and turnover in the soil, but their function in plant- associated environments is not completely understood (Pratama, 2018<\/a>). According to a recent report, viruses affect soils\u2019 microbiome structure and function (Trubl, 2018<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, it is important to note that each plant has a \u201ccore microbiota<\/strong>\u201d, which consists of persistent and ubiquitous microbial community members<\/strong> in almost all communities associated with a particular host (Vandenkoornhuyse, 2015;<\/a> Astudillo- Garc\u00eda, 2017<\/a>; Yeoh, 2017<\/a>). The coexisting members of the core microbiota are selectively recruited and enriched in parallel and are well adapted to life on and\/or within plant tissue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant colonization and community assembly are shaped by multiple and complex interactions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Current studies identified key factors <\/strong>influencing the assembly<\/strong> of plant-associated microbiota and have linked individual microbial taxa and genes to plant colonization, plant physiology and plant fitness traits. Indeed, the selective assembly of plant-associated microbiomes requires multiple and complex interactions<\/strong> between plant\u2013microorganism and microorganism\u2013microorganism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The plant interacts with the microbiome through the release of root exudates<\/strong> such as organic acids, sugars and secondary metabolites throughout its developmental stages. Meanwhile, bulk soil microorganisms act as \u2018seed banks<\/strong>\u2019 and vary in their genomic potential to degrade, utilize and metabolize distinct metabolite substrates in the root exudate (Xu J, 2018<\/a>; Levy, 2017<\/a>; Zhang, 2019<\/a>). The presence of certain type of transporters in plant-associated microorganisms provide them selective advantage. Consequently, the community is shaped by intense microorganism\u2013microorganism interactions<\/strong> mediated via the strain-specific production and perception of antimicrobial molecules (Xu L, 2018<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The plant-associated microbiome provides benefits to the plant<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Complex microorganism\u2013microorganism and host\u2013microorganism interactions maintain the balance between different members<\/strong> of the microbial community in favor of beneficial microorganisms that contribute to plant health. Those benefits are provided through various direct or indirect mechanisms<\/strong>, including growth promotion, stress control and defense against pathogens and pests. Those benefits mediated by the microbiome can be initiated in any part of a plant and transmitted to other parts, but they are mostly initiated belowground (Richardson, 2011<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant growth promotion<\/strong> is insured by direct effects mediated through nitrogen fixation, unlocking of essential nutrients from minerals and enhancing plant capacity to take up nutrients from the soil (Hestrin, 2019<\/a>; Richardson, 2011<\/a>). Other direct effects that contribute to plant growth are mediated by mitigating abiotic stress<\/strong> through the production of specific molecules such as plant hormones and detoxification enzymes (Fitzpatrick, 2018<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benefits can also be indirect, as the plant-associated microbiome protects the plant against pathogens or pests<\/strong> through antagonism or through inducing systemic resistance in plants (Stringlis, 2018<\/a>). The impact of natural plant defense by micro-organisms on plant health is most clearly demonstrated in disease-suppressing soils, where plant root exudates stimulate, enrich and support soil micro-organisms as the first line of defense against soil-borne pathogens (Mendes, 2011<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In conclusion, overall, beneficial plant\u2013microbiome interactions improve the growth performance of plants and their health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on<\/strong>: Trivedi, P., et al. Plant\u2013microbiome interactions: from community assembly to plant health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020;18: 607\u201362<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n <\/i>\n Key messages<\/strong>\n <\/div>\n
    \n
  • Microbial communities and microbiome composition vary in different plant compartments (rhizosphere, endophytes and phyllosphere).<\/li>\n
  • Although bacterial and fungal lineages contribute mostly to the plant-associated microbiome by abundance, there is a critical knowledge gap concerning the shape and drivers of other fractions of the plant microbiome (viruses, archaea, protists and nematodes) that influence bacterial and fungal communities.<\/li>\n
  • Complex microorganism\u2013microorganism and host\u2013microorganism interactions maintain the balance between different members of the microbial community in favour of beneficial microorganisms that contribute to plant health.<\/li>\n
  • Functions of plant-associated microbiome include nutrient acquisition, disease resistance and stress tolerance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \n <\/i>\n References<\/strong>\n <\/div>\n
    \n
    \n <\/i>\n Bergelson J, et al. Characterizing both bacteria and fungi improves understanding of the Arabidopsis root microbiome. Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 10;9(1):24.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Wagner MR, et al. Host genotype and age shape the leaf and root microbiomes of a wild perennial plant. Nat Commun. 2016 Jul 12;7:12151.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Backer R, et al. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Context, Mechanisms of Action, and Roadmap to Commercialization of Biostimulants for Sustainable Agriculture. Front Plant Sci. 2018 Oct 23;9:1473.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Gouda S, et al. Revitalization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for sustainable development in agriculture. Microbiol Res. 2018 Jan;206:131-140.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Carlstr\u00f6m CI, et al. Synthetic microbiota reveal priority effects and keystone strains in the Arabidopsis phyllosphere. Nat Ecol Evol. 2019 Oct;3(10):1445-1454.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Pratama AA, van Elsas JD. The ‘Neglected’ Soil Virome – Potential Role and Impact. Trends Microbiol. 2018 Aug;26(8):649-662.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Trubl G, et al. Soil Viruses Are Underexplored Players in Ecosystem Carbon Processing. mSystems. 2018 Oct 2;3(5):e00076-18.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Vandenkoornhuyse P, et al. The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont. New Phytol. 2015 Jun;206(4):1196-206.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Astudillo-Garc\u00eda C, et al. Evaluating the core microbiota in complex communities: A systematic investigation. Environ Microbiol. 2017 Apr;19(4):1450-1462.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Yeoh YK, et al. Evolutionary conservation of a core root microbiome across plant phyla along a tropical soil chronosequence. Nat Commun. 2017 Aug 9;8(1):215.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Xu J, et al. The structure and function of the global citrus rhizosphere microbiome. Nat Commun. 2018 Nov 20;9(1):4894.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Levy A, et al. Genomic features of bacterial adaptation to plants. Nat Genet. 2017 Dec 18;50(1):138-150.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Zhang J, et al. NRT1.1B is associated with root microbiota composition and nitrogen use in field-grown rice. Nat Biotechnol. 2019 Jun;37(6):676-684.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Xu L, et al. Drought delays development of the sorghum root microbiome and enriches for monoderm bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 May 1;115(18):E4284-E4293.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Richardson AE, Simpson RJ. Soil microorganisms mediating phosphorus availability update on microbial phosphorus. Plant Physiol. 2011 Jul;156(3):989-96.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Hestrin R, et al. Synergies between mycorrhizal fungi and soil microbial communities increase plant nitrogen acquisition. Commun Biol. 2019 Jun 21;2:233.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Fitzpatrick CR, et al. Assembly and ecological function of the root microbiome across angiosperm plant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Feb 6;115(6):E1157-E1165.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Mendes R, et al. Deciphering the rhizosphere microbiome for disease-suppressive bacteria. Science. 2011 May 27;332(6033):1097-100.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n
    \n <\/i>\n Stringlis IA, et al. MYB72-dependent coumarin exudation shapes root microbiome assembly to promote plant health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 May 29;115(22):E5213-E5222.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-90833","article_revue","type-article_revue","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"auteur":"","source":"","revue":[{"ID":90824,"post_author":"25","post_date":"2023-03-30 14:11:56","post_date_gmt":"2023-03-30 12:11:56","post_content":"\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Soil, plants, animals, and humans share microorganisms <\/strong>as different as viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists, at a high taxonomic<\/strong> and functional levels<\/strong>. All these taxa and functions form specific communities <\/strong>called microbiota <\/strong>that play a crucial role<\/strong> contributing to health of humans<\/strong> and ecosystems<\/strong>. Over the past decades, numerous studies have shown that increasing our understanding<\/strong> of each community is of great scientific<\/strong> and public interest<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The present issue of Global Fruit and Veg Newsletter shares three outstanding scientific papers that provide an overview of the state of knowledge on this subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The first article coins the new concept of eco-holobiont<\/strong>, to show how the holistic approach<\/strong> of living beings<\/strong>, that emerged some decades ago, needs to take into account abiotic and abiotic interactions<\/strong> to better understand<\/strong> what drives<\/strong> and shapes <\/strong>each microbiota<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The second article highlights the crucial role<\/strong> of soil<\/strong>, known as the largest reservoir of microbial diversity<\/strong>. It provides new evidence<\/strong> showing how soil microbiota<\/strong> contributes to plants<\/strong>, animals<\/strong>, and humans health <\/strong>in a \"One Health<\/strong>\" approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The third article, in which the author of the first paper is involved, focuses more specifically on plant microbiota<\/strong>. The paper explores how composition<\/strong>, assembly<\/strong> and dynamics <\/strong>of host-microbiota association<\/strong> modulate its beneficial traits<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Together, these three complementary approaches show that soil<\/strong>, plants<\/strong>, animals<\/strong>, and human microbiota <\/strong>are interconnected<\/strong>, forming a kind of microbial loop<\/strong> on which the health<\/strong> of the whole ecosystem<\/strong> depends<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n","post_title":"Soil, plant, animal, and human microbiota, what do they have to teach us?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"soil-plant-animal-and-human-microbiota-what-do-they-have-to-teach-us","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2024-10-24 17:26:16","post_modified_gmt":"2024-10-24 15:26:16","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=revue&p=90824","menu_order":38,"post_type":"revue","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"position":"3","references":""},"yoast_head":"\nPlant microbiome shaped by complex 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