{"id":89003,"date":"2023-01-27T09:13:35","date_gmt":"2023-01-27T08:13:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=article_revue&#038;p=89003"},"modified":"2023-03-23T14:30:48","modified_gmt":"2023-03-23T13:30:48","slug":"do-vegetarian-diets-provide-adequate-nutrient-intake-during-complementary-feeding","status":"publish","type":"article_revue","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/do-vegetarian-diets-provide-adequate-nutrient-intake-during-complementary-feeding\/","title":{"rendered":"Do vegetarian diets provide adequate nutrient intake during complementary feeding?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Article-1-ok.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89127\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables could prevent approximately one third of cardiovascular diseases (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Summary-of-Third-Expert-Report-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Cancer Fund Research, 2017<\/a>) and could be a protective factor against mental disorders (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Summary-of-Third-Expert-Report-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rahe, 2014<\/a>). A healthy diet includes a varied, balanced intake of foods, with all food groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__blockquote\">\n            <figure>\n                        <div>\n                <span>\n                    A healthy diet should not exclude any food group ; needs to provide on its own, without any supplements, all the macro-and micronutrients to fully satisfy, at any stage of infancy and childhood, all nutritional needs and to promote the best possible psychophysical development.\n                <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <figcaption><span>World Health Organization, 2018<\/span><\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Worldwide, the number of people adopting a vegetarian diet seems to increase (for example, from 0.2% to 3-7% in 40 years in the UK) (<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2005.00467.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Philips, 2005<\/a>). Consequently, since children tend to follow their family\u2019s dietary pattern, parents consult more commonly the pediatrician for advice on how to provide their infants with a diet partially or totally free of animal foods. The first 1,000 days are particularly vulnerable from a metabolic and neurodevelopmental perspective (<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-017-1416-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sch\u00fcrmann, 2017<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, a systematic review was conducted to assess the evidence for the impact of complementary vegetarian diets on health outcomes during the first 1,000 days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-vegetarian-diet-leads-to-nutritional-deficiencies-in-infants-during-the-first-1-000-days\">Vegetarian diet leads to nutritional deficiencies in infants during the first 1 000 days<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The effects of dietary deficiencies of individual nutrients have been extensively studied, particularly during complementary feeding. This period is crucial in the growth of infants as they are vulnerable to nutrient deficiencies and excesses (<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s002470050090\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">L\u00f6vblad, 1997<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the quality of evidence is low, the case reports are all consistent in demonstrating severe<br>neurological outcomes and growth deficits in children on a vegan diet, due to low vitamin<br>B12 and vitamin D levels, such as anemia, <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_custom_073654d4400a5e07619a4ded86f736ad classtoolTipsCustomShortCodeOnlyForMultiTooltips'>stunting<\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\">jQuery(\"document\").ready(function(){ toolTips('.tooltip_post_id_custom_073654d4400a5e07619a4ded86f736ad',\"Impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation (WHO, 2015)\",'0'); });<\/script>, brain abnormalities and <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_custom_df38327f3c96e7a999c4c0a37a7fd02a classtoolTipsCustomShortCodeOnlyForMultiTooltips'>demyelination<\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\">jQuery(\"document\").ready(function(){ toolTips('.tooltip_post_id_custom_df38327f3c96e7a999c4c0a37a7fd02a',\"Disappearance or destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds and protects the nerve fibre\",'0'); });<\/script> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0929693X20300877?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lemoine, 2020<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apa.14805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lund, 2019<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s002470050090\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">L\u00f6vblad, 1997<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the first two years of life, excluding meat, fish and meat products from diets is mostly critical for vitamin B12 deficiency. Other nutrients may also be deficient such as calcium, iron, iodine, zinc, and selenium, essential amino acids, \u03c9-3 LC-PUFAs (EPA and DHA) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4628270\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kristensen, 2015<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3137939\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Black, 2008<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3625473\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Algarin, 2013<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, few studies evaluated the long-term effects of early deficiencies from vegetarian diets and potential irreversible effects (motor or cognitive delays, possible links to psychopathological disorders, etc.). For ethical reasons, no interventional study investigated the impact of non- supplemented vegetarian\/vegan diets on the physical and neurocognitive development of children<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-vegetarian-diets-have-no-protective-effect-on-noncommunicable-diseases-and-obesity-in-the-early-years-of-life\">Vegetarian diets have no protective effect on noncommunicable diseases and obesity in the early years of life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Studies demonstrating the effect of vegetarian diets on noncommunicable diseases prevention are heavily biased. In fact, these studies are mostly conducted on adults which therefore makes the translation of the results on pediatric population difficult (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sipps.it\/attivita-editoriale\/position-paper-diete-vegetariane-in-gravidanza-ed-in-eta-evolutiva\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SIPPS, 2017<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In adults, vegetarian diets were found to be effective on some outcomes, such as reductions in serum cholesterol and LDL, for oxidative stress and body fat tissue. However, in the overall evaluation of these results, it should be taken into account that vegetarians have an overall healthier lifestyle with fewer risk factors (no alcohol consumption, cigarette, sedentary lifestyle, etc.) (very low quality of evidence). However, to date, it seems that there is no specific study on the impact of the vegetarian diet during complementary feeding on these parameters. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sipps.it\/attivita-editoriale\/position-paper-diete-vegetariane-in-gravidanza-ed-in-eta-evolutiva\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SIPPS, 2017<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, a recent meta-analysis found no protective effect of vegetarian diets on noncommunicable diseases in the early years of life, at least at a two-year follow-up, although vegetarian diets are often recommended to prevent overweight and obesity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6521189\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Weder, 2019<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Concerning the occurrence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension later in life, no study was identified on the influence of adopting a vegetarian diet during complementary feeding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-vegetarian-and-vegan-diets-cannot-be-recommended-during-the-complementary-period\">Vegetarian and  vegan diets cannot be recommended during the complementary period<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In conclusion, vegetarian and vegan diets are inadequate for the correct neuro-psycho-motor development of children because of potentially serious side effects caused by vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies. In particular, numerous clinical cases showed the damage, sometimes irreversible, that can cause a deficiency in vitamin B12, DHA and iron to the nervous system. Therefore, they cannot be recommended during the period of complementary feeding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, the effects of vegetarian diets on diseases prevention are still largely undocumented, particularly when adopted in the early years of life. According to current available evidence, they have no protective effects on noncommunicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__about\">\n    <strong class=\"block__about__title\">What is a vegetarian diet?<\/strong>\n    <div class=\"block__about__content\"><ul>\nVegetarian diets can be classified as:<\/p>\n<li>Pescetarian (no meat)<\/li>\n<li>Lacto-ovo vegetarian (no meat, fish, mollusks)<\/li>\n<li>Lacto-vegetarian (no meat, fish, mollusks, crustaceans,eggs)<\/li>\n<li>Ovo-vegetarian (no meat, fish, mollusks, crustaceans, milk and dairy products)<\/li>\n<li>Vegan (excluding all foods of animal origin, including : eggs, honey, milk and dairy products propolis royal jelly)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<p>These forms can have specific subtypes, such as : rax food diet, fruitarian diet, macrobiotic diet, etc.<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Based on: <\/strong>Simeone G, et al. Do Vegetarian Diets Provide Adequate Nutrient Intake during Complementary Feeding? A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022 Aug 31;14(17):3591.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__stylized-list\">\n    <div class=\"block__stylized-list__leading\" id=\"block__stylized-list__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-regular fa-pen-to-square\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>Methodology<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div id=\"block__stylized-list__content\" style=\"display: none;\"><ul>\n<li><strong>Population<\/strong>:Healthy infants aged 6-34 months from Western industrialized countries.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Design<\/strong>: Systematic review including<\/li>\n<p>&#8211; Randomized controlled trials and controlled trials in which the effect of the caregivers\u2019 feeding practices could be accurately assessed as an experimental intervention.<br \/>\n&#8211; Observational studies in which this effect could be evaluated as an exposure factor while taking into account possible confounding factors.<br \/>\n&#8211; Evidence-based guidelines or consensus statements, government publications and already published systematic reviews considered to be of good quality were also selected and evaluated.<\/p>\n<li><strong>Intervention<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<p>&#8211; Complementary feeding including small quantities or without any animal product  (vegetarian or vegan diet).<br \/>\n&#8211; Control: Complementary feeding including food of animal origin.\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__solid-colored\">\n    <div class=\"block__solid-colored__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-regular fa-square-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>Key messages<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"block__solid-colored__content\"><ul>\n<li>Based on current evidence, vegetarian and vegan diets during the complementary feeding period have not been shown to be safe.<\/li>\n<li>The risk of critical micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies and growth retardation is high: they may result in significantly different outcomes in neuropsychological development and growth when compared with a healthy omnivorous diet such as the Mediterranean Diet.<\/li>\n<li>Vegetarian and vegan diets during complementary feeding period have no preventive effects on noncommunicable and cardiovascular diseases<br \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block__reference\">\n    <div class=\"block__reference__leading\" id=\"block__reference__leading\">\n        <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share-from-square\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n        <strong>References<\/strong>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"block__reference__entries\" id=\"block__reference__entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Algar\u00edn, C. et al. Iron-deficiency anemia in infancy and poorer cognitive inhibitory control at age 10 years. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 2013;55(5):453-8. Black, M.M. Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency on brain development in children. Food Nutr. Bull. 2008 Jun;29(2):126-31. Kristensen, N.B.et al. Intake of macro- and micronutrients in Danish vegans. Nutr J. 2015 Oct 30;14:115. Lemoine, A. et al. Case report of nutritional rickets in an infant following a vegan diet. Arch. Pediatr. 2020;27(4):219-222. L\u00f6vblad, K. et al. Retardation of myelination due to dietary vitamin B12 deficiency: Cranial MRI findings. Pediatr. Radiol. 1997;27(2):155-8.  Lund, A.M. Questions about a vegan diet should be included in differential diagnostics of neurologically abnormal infants with failure to thrive. Acta Paediatr. 2019;108(8):1377-1379. Phillips, F. Vegetarian nutrition. Br. Nutr. Found. Nutr. Bull. 2005 ;30:132\u2013167.  Rahe, C. et al. Dietary patterns and the risk of depression in adults: A systematic review of observational studies. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(4):997-1013.  Sch\u00fcrmann, S. et al. Vegetarian diets in children: A systematic review. Eur. J. Nutr. 2017;56(5):1797-1817. SIPPS; FIMP; SIMA; SIMP. Position Paper\u2014Diete vegetariane in gravidanza ed et\u00e0 evolutiva. Riv. Ital. Pediatr. Prev. Soc. 2017, 12 (3), 119\u2013193.  Weder, S et al. Energy, macronutrient intake, and anthropometrics of vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous children (1\u20133 years) in Germany (VeChi diet study). Nutrients 2019;11(4):832.  World Cancer Research Fund; American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective; World Cancer Research Fund; American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington, DC, USA, 2007. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Black, M.M. Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency on brain development in children. Food Nutr. Bull. 2008 Jun;29(2):126-31.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Kristensen, N.B.et al. Intake of macro- and micronutrients in Danish vegans. Nutr J. 2015 Oct 30;14:115.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Lemoine, A. et al. Case report of nutritional rickets in an infant following a vegan diet. Arch. Pediatr. 2020;27(4):219-222.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>L\u00f6vblad, K. et al. Retardation of myelination due to dietary vitamin B12 deficiency: Cranial MRI findings. Pediatr. Radiol. 1997;27(2):155-8. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span> Lund, A.M. Questions about a vegan diet should be included in differential diagnostics of neurologically abnormal infants with failure to thrive. Acta Paediatr. 2019;108(8):1377-1379.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Phillips, F. Vegetarian nutrition. Br. Nutr. Found. Nutr. Bull. 2005 ;30:132\u2013167. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Rahe, C. et al. Dietary patterns and the risk of depression in adults: A systematic review of observational studies. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(4):997-1013. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Sch\u00fcrmann, S. et al. Vegetarian diets in children: A systematic review. Eur. J. Nutr. 2017;56(5):1797-1817.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>SIPPS; FIMP; SIMA; SIMP. Position Paper\u2014Diete vegetariane in gravidanza ed et\u00e0 evolutiva. Riv. Ital. Pediatr. Prev. Soc. 2017, 12 (3), 119\u2013193. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>Weder, S et al. Energy, macronutrient intake, and anthropometrics of vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous children (1\u20133 years) in Germany (VeChi diet study). Nutrients 2019;11(4):832.<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"block__reference__entry\">\n                <i class=\"fa-classic fa-solid fa-share\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <span>World Cancer Research Fund; American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective; World Cancer Research Fund; American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington, DC, USA, 2007. <\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-89003","article_revue","type-article_revue","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"auteur":"","source":"","revue":[{"ID":89111,"post_author":"25","post_date":"2023-01-27 09:12:53","post_date_gmt":"2023-01-27 08:12:53","post_content":"<!-- wp:image {\"id\":89131,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/edito-ok-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89131\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>As the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<\/a> recalls, diets based mostly on plant foods provide both health and environmental benefits. This statement <strong>especially applies to diets that are diversified, rich in raw products<\/strong>, consisted mainly of whole grains, fruit and vegetables, legumes, and nuts. However, a plant-based diet is not necessarily healthy.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Based on 3 recent studies, this Global Fruit and Vegetables Newsletter shed light on this common misconception:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The first one is a systematic review of the literature that examined evidence regarding the <strong>influence of vegetarian diets<\/strong> (from [tooltips keyword=\"pesco-vegetarian\" content = \"excluding only meat\"] to [tooltips keyword=\"vegan\" content = \"excluding all animal products (meat, milk, eggs\u2026etc)\"]) <strong>during complementary feeding on child development and [tooltips keyword=\"health\" content = \"Growth, neurodevelopment, risk of stunting and overweight\/obesity.\"] in Western countries<\/strong>. <em>Simeone et al<\/em>. concluded that <strong>vegetarian diets should not be recommended during complementary feeding<\/strong> due to the <strong>risk of vitamin B12, [tooltips keyword=\"DHA\" content = \"Docosahexaenoic acid or DHA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid from the Omega-3 group.\"], and iron deficiencies<\/strong> that can alter the nervous system. However, the level of evidence in the studies included in this review was low to very low and most studies present major biases.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The second study investigated the <strong>association between the quality of a plant-based diet and the risk of frailty among women over 60 years of age<\/strong>. The quality was assessed using an index reflecting both [tooltips keyword=\"health-promoting\" content = \"Including fruits and vegetables, nuts, wholemgrain products, pulses, etc.\"] and [tooltips keyword=\"health-impairing\" content = \"Rich in fruit juices, sweetened beverages, refined cereals, potatoes and sweetened products\"] \u201cplant-based\u201d dimensions. A <strong>health-promoting plant-based diet was associated with a lower risk of frailty<\/strong> while a health-impairing one was associated with a higher risk of frailty.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In the final article based on a plenary lecture during the <em>Nutrition Society Summer Conference 2021<\/em>, J.I. Macdiarmid states that <strong>while reducing meat and dairy consumption is necessary for health and climate, modern [tooltips keyword=\"ultra-processed plant-based diets\" content = \"Rich in salt, sugar and energy\"]<\/strong> \u2013 notably popular among young people and recent vegetarians \u2013 <strong>are neither healthy nor sustainable<\/strong> and differ greatly from traditional plant-based diets.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:acf\/unpictureable {\"name\":\"acf\/unpictureable\",\"data\":{\"title\":\"Author\",\"_title\":\"field_unpictureable_title\",\"authors_0_fully_name\":\"Julia Baudry\",\"_authors_0_fully_name\":\"field_unpictureable_author_fully_name\",\"authors_0_profession\":\"Nutrition Epidemiologist, INRAE\",\"_authors_0_profession\":\"field_unpictureable_author_profession\",\"authors\":1,\"_authors\":\"field_unpictureable_authors\"},\"align\":\"center\",\"mode\":\"auto\"} \/-->","post_title":"Does plant-based necessarily mean healthy and sustainable?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"does-plant-based-necessarily-mean-healthy-and-sustainable","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2024-10-24 17:25:37","post_modified_gmt":"2024-10-24 15:25:37","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=revue&#038;p=89111","menu_order":43,"post_type":"revue","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"position":"1","references":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Do vegetarian diets provide sufficient nutrients during complementary feeding?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"According to the World Health Organization, a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables could prevent one third of cardiovascular diseases.\" \/>\n<meta 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