{"id":73941,"date":"2020-11-12T17:19:48","date_gmt":"2020-11-12T16:19:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=article_revue&p=73941"},"modified":"2020-11-30T10:09:47","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T09:09:47","slug":"changes-in-nutrient-and-food-intakes-among-wic-participants","status":"publish","type":"article_revue","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/changes-in-nutrient-and-food-intakes-among-wic-participants\/","title":{"rendered":"Changes in nutrient and food intakes among WIC participants"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 2009, the composition and quantities of foods included in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food package were revised to more closely align WIC benefits with dietary recommendations: addition<\/strong> of wholegrain products, fruit and vegetable cash-value vouchers, reductions<\/strong> in milk, cheese and juice allowances, and restrictions<\/strong> on milk fat content1<\/sup>.<\/em>
\nThis cross-sectional study aims to use the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (NHANES) to evaluate changes in nutrient and food intakes among children (n=1078, 24\u201359 months old) and women (n=1025, 19\u201350 years old) in households receiving WIC benefits before (2005\u20132008) <\/em>vs. after implementation of the 2009 (2011\u20132014) food package revisions.<\/em><\/p>\n

Changes in nutrient and food groups post-revision among children<\/h3>\n

The food package revisions were associated with an increased intake of fiber (10.6 g vs 11.6 g), vitamin E (4.3 mg vs 5.3 mg) and phosphorus (1040 mg vs 1100 mg) in children compared with the pre-revision sample. This greater fiber intake may be explained in part by increased consumption of whole grains (0.53 ounce-equiv. vs 0.82 ounce-equiv.) and legumes (0.05 cup-equiv. vs 0.08 cup-equiv.) that were also observed, as the 2009 food package revisions included more whole grains and a greater variety of protein foods such as beans and legumes. Also, a decreased intake of starchy vegetables (0.33 cup-equiv. vs 0.23 cup-equiv.) was observed in children.
\nThis suggests that the increase in whole grain and legume varieties in the food package increased whole grain and legume consumption, which contributed to improved fiber intake.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Dietary intake of children participating in the WIC program before and after the WIC food package revision.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Nutrient\/food category<\/strong><\/td>\nPre-revision\u00a0 (n=569)<\/strong><\/td>\nPost-revision (n=509)<\/strong><\/td>\nP value<\/strong>
\n(significance)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nutrient to increase<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Fiber (g)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Vitamin K (mg)<\/p>\n

– Calcium (mg)<\/p>\n

– Iron (mg)<\/p>\n

– Zinc (mg)<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

10,6<\/span><\/p>\n

2\u00a0104<\/p>\n

936<\/p>\n

11,8<\/p>\n

8,6<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

11,6<\/span><\/p>\n

2\u00a0058<\/p>\n

985<\/p>\n

11,8<\/p>\n

8,1<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,004**<\/span><\/p>\n

0,348<\/p>\n

0,192<\/p>\n

0,948<\/p>\n

0,061<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Other nutrients of concern<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Vitamin E (mg AR)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Vitamin A (\u03bcg RAE)<\/p>\n

– Phosphorus (mg)<\/span><\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

4,3<\/span><\/p>\n

547<\/p>\n

1\u00a0040<\/span><\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

5,3<\/span><\/p>\n

562<\/p>\n

1\u00a0100<\/span><\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

<0,001***<\/span><\/p>\n

0,510<\/p>\n

0,012**<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Priority food groups<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Total vegetables (cup-equiv.)<\/p>\n

– Total starchy vegetables (cup-equiv.)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Legumes computed as vegetables (cup-equiv.)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Whole grains (ounce-equiv.)<\/span><\/p>\n

– Total fruits (cup-equiv.)<\/p>\n

– Total dairy (cup-equiv.)<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,71<\/p>\n

0,33<\/span><\/p>\n

0,05<\/span><\/p>\n

0,53<\/span><\/p>\n

1,7<\/p>\n

2,15<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,65<\/p>\n

0,23<\/span><\/p>\n

0,08<\/span><\/p>\n

0,82<\/span><\/p>\n

1,6<\/p>\n

2,12<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,307<\/p>\n

0,042*<\/span><\/p>\n

0,013*<\/span><\/p>\n

0,001**<\/span><\/p>\n

0,788<\/p>\n

0,869<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.01.<\/p>\n

Changes in nutrient and food groups post-revision among women<\/h3>\n

Increased fiber intake was also observed for women (14.6 g vs 16.4 g) which may also be explained by increased consumption of whole grains (0.62 ounce-equiv. vs 0.89 ounce-equiv.) observed in post-revision even though it was not much significant.
\nCompared with the pre-revision sample, WIC women reported higher intake of sodium in post-revision (3096 mg vs 3342 mg).<\/p>\n

Table 2: Dietary intake of women participating in the WIC program before and after the WIC food package revision.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Nutrient\/food category<\/strong><\/td>\nPre-revision (n=537)<\/strong><\/td>\nPost-revision (n=488)<\/strong><\/td>\nP value<\/strong>
\n(significance)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nutrient to increase<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Fiber (g) <\/span><\/p>\n

– Potassium (mg)<\/p>\n

– Calcium (mg)<\/p>\n

– Iron (mg)<\/p>\n

– Folate (\u03bcg)<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

14,6<\/span><\/p>\n

2\u00a0303<\/p>\n

881<\/p>\n

14,4<\/p>\n

351<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

16,4<\/span><\/p>\n

2\u00a0402<\/p>\n

935<\/p>\n

14,1<\/p>\n

380<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,013*<\/span><\/p>\n

0,145<\/p>\n

0,157<\/p>\n

0,642<\/p>\n

0,112<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Nutrients to limit<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Added sugars (tsp-equiv.)<\/p>\n

– Saturated fat (%energy)<\/p>\n

– Sodium (mg) <\/span><\/td>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

21,1<\/p>\n

10,9<\/p>\n

3\u00a0096<\/span><\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

17,8<\/p>\n

10,9<\/p>\n

3\u00a0342<\/span><\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,068<\/p>\n

0,956<\/p>\n

0,002**<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Priority food groups<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Total vegetables (cup-equiv.)<\/p>\n

– Total starchy vegetables (cup-equiv.)<\/p>\n

– Legumes computed as vegetables (cup-equiv.)<\/p>\n

– Whole grains (ounce-equiv.)<\/p>\n

– Total fruits (cup-equiv.)<\/p>\n

– Total dairy (cup-equiv.)<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

1,36<\/p>\n

0,37<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,14<\/p>\n

0,62<\/p>\n

0,91<\/p>\n

1,53<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

1,45<\/p>\n

0,40<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,18<\/p>\n

0,89<\/p>\n

1<\/p>\n

1,69<\/td>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,375<\/p>\n

0,609<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

0,438<\/p>\n

0,087<\/p>\n

0,672<\/p>\n

0,334<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*P<0.05; **P<0.01.<\/p>\n

In conclusion, the package revisions were associated with an increased fiber and whole grain intakes for both children and women. Improved nutrient intakes among children (vitamin E and phosphorus) and a shift to more legumes and less starchy vegetables were reported. No change in total fruit, whole fruit or fruit juice consumption was observed although the revisions included an incentive <\/strong>to purchase fresh fruits via new cash-value vouchers.<\/strong>
\nRecommendations to eliminate fruit juice and shift funds to the fresh cash-value vouchers2,3<\/sup>, are important policy considerations for future package modifications.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-73941","article_revue","type-article_revue","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"auteur":[{"ID":73944,"post_author":"9","post_date":"2020-11-30 10:10:48","post_date_gmt":"2020-11-30 09:10:48","post_content":"","post_title":"Jacqueline A. Vernarelli","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"jacqueline-a-vernarelli","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2020-11-30 10:10:48","post_modified_gmt":"2020-11-30 09:10:48","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=auteur_revue&p=73944","menu_order":0,"post_type":"auteur_revue","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"source":"Based on: Zimmer, M., & Vernarelli, J. (2019). Changes in nutrient and food group intakes among children and women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children: Findings from the 2005\u20132008 and 2011\u20132014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Public Health Nutrition, 22(18), 3309-3314.","revue":[{"ID":73849,"post_author":"22","post_date":"2020-10-29 16:24:29","post_date_gmt":"2020-10-29 15:24:29","post_content":"","post_title":"56 - October 2020","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"october-2020","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-07-05 14:22:27","post_modified_gmt":"2022-07-05 12:22:27","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=revue&p=73849","menu_order":98,"post_type":"revue","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"position":"1","references":"

1. Institute of Medicine (2006) WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
\n2. Ferris HA, et al. (2017) Time for an end to juice in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. JAMA Pediatr<\/em> 171, 509\u2013510.
\n3. Nagata JM, et al. (2016) The option of replacing the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children fruit juice supplements with fresh fruits and vegetables. JAMA Pediatr<\/em> 170,823\u2013824.<\/p>\n"},"yoast_head":"\nChanges in nutrient and food intakes among WIC participants \u00c9quation Nutrition - Aprifel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Changes in nutrient and food intakes among WIC participants \u00c9quation Nutrition - Aprifel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/changes-in-nutrient-and-food-intakes-among-wic-participants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Changes in nutrient and food intakes among WIC participants \u00c9quation Nutrition\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Changes in nutrient and food intakes among WIC participants \u00c9quation Nutrition\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/changes-in-nutrient-and-food-intakes-among-wic-participants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Aprifel\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-11-30T09:09:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/changes-in-nutrient-and-food-intakes-among-wic-participants\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/changes-in-nutrient-and-food-intakes-among-wic-participants\/\",\"name\":\"Changes in nutrient and food intakes among WIC participants \u00c9quation Nutrition - 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