{"id":71050,"date":"2020-05-13T16:41:51","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T14:41:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=article_revue&p=71050"},"modified":"2020-05-13T16:41:51","modified_gmt":"2020-05-13T14:41:51","slug":"dietary-pattern-and-depressive-symptoms-in-middle-age-the-whitehall-ii-study","status":"publish","type":"article_revue","link":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/dietary-pattern-and-depressive-symptoms-in-middle-age-the-whitehall-ii-study\/","title":{"rendered":"Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age: the Whitehall II study"},"content":{"rendered":"

Research on the association between diet and depression has focused primarily on isolated nutrients. Recent years have seen a move away from analyzing associations between isolated nutrients and health to consideration of the effects of dietary pattern1<\/sup>. To the best of our knowledge, our study2<\/sup> was the first to investigate prospectively the association between dietary patterns and the occurrence of depressive symptoms five years later, assessed by the well validated CES-D scale3<\/sup> (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression), in a large British middle aged population, by taking into account a large range of potential cofounders.<\/p>\n

Main findings. Analyses were carried on the 3,486 participants (26.2% women, mean age 55.6 years) from the prospective Whitehall II study (WIIS), which originally included London based office workers4<\/sup>. Two dietary patterns, derived from using principal component analysis, were identified: the \u201cwhole food\u201d heavily loaded by high intake of vegetables, fruits and fish; and the \u201cprocessed food\u201d which was heavily loaded by high consumption of sweetened desserts, chocolates, fried food, processed meat, pies, refined grains, high fat dairy products and condiments.<\/p>\n

After adjusting for a large range of sociodemographic and socio-economic factors, health behaviors and health status factors, participants in the highest tertile of the \u201cwhole food\u201d pattern had lower odds of CES-D depression (Odds Ratio=0.74, 95% CI:0.56-0.99) than those in the lowest tertile. By contrast, participants with a high intake of \u201cprocessed food\u201d had higher odds of CES-D depression compared to those with the lowest intake (Odds ratio = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.11-2.23). Furthermore, no association was observed between previous reports of depression (using depression subscale of General Health Questionnaire and use of antidepressive drugs) and dietary patterns assessed 6 years later (p=0.24 for the \u201cwhole food\u201d pattern and p=0.92 for the \u201cprocessed food\u201d pattern) suggesting that the dietary pattern – CES-D depression associations described in this study were due to an effect of diet on depression and not the reverse.<\/span><\/p>\n

Plausible mechanisms<\/span><\/h1>\n

The association between the whole food pattern and self-reported depression can be explained by the protective effect of:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. high level of antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables, as previous studies have shown higher antioxidant levels to be associated with lower risk of depression5<\/sup>.
    \n<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. folate found in large amounts in green vegetables and dried legumes6<\/sup>. It has been suggested that low levels of folate may reduce the availability of Sadenosylmethionine, which can result in impaired formation of myelin, neurotransmitters and membrane phospholipids, and might increase the risk of depression7<\/sup>.
    \n<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. fish on low incidence of depression8<\/sup>, which is traditionally attributed to its high long chain omega 3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids content9<\/sup>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n


    \nFinally, it is also possible that the protective effect of diet on depression comes from the cumulative and synergic effect of nutrients from different sources of foods rather than from the effect of one isolated nutrient.<\/p>\n

    The deleterious effect of \u201cprocessed food\u201d on self reported depression is a novel finding. Its high content of sugar can be one underlying pathway as a positive correlation between sugar consumption and the annual rate of depression10<\/sup>. Furthermore the \u201cprocessed food\u201d diet is very close to the \u201cWestern\u201d pattern identified in American population1 which has been shown to be associated with higher risk of CHD1 and inflammation11 <\/sup>possibly involved in pathogenesis of depression. Further studies are needed to better understand the association between \u201cprocessed food\u201d intake, the inflammation process and depression.<\/span><\/p>\n


    \nConclusion<\/span><\/p>\n


    \nThe results suggest that fruits, vegetables and fish consumption afford protection against the onset of depressive symptoms five years later, while a diet rich in processed meat, chocolates, sweet desserts, fried food, refined cereals and high fat dairy products increases vulnerability. These findings suggest that existing healthy eating policies will generate additional benefits to health and well-being, and that diet should be considered as a potential target for the prevention of depressive disorders.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-71050","article_revue","type-article_revue","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"auteur":"","source":"","revue":[{"ID":70483,"post_author":"22","post_date":"2020-04-21 08:59:12","post_date_gmt":"2020-04-21 06:59:12","post_content":"","post_title":"52 - January 2011","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"52-january-2011","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2020-04-21 08:59:12","post_modified_gmt":"2020-04-21 06:59:12","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/?post_type=revue&p=70483","menu_order":253,"post_type":"revue","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"position":"2","references":"

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    1. Hu FB. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002 Feb;13(1):3-9.
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    2. Akbaraly TN et al. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;195(5):408-13.
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    3. Radloff L. Appl Psychol Measures. 1977;1:385\u2013401.
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    4. Marmot M & Brunner E. Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Apr;34(2):251-6.
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    5. Sarandol A et al. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2007 Mar;22(2):67-73.
      \n<\/span><\/li>\n
    6. Food Standard Agency. The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19 to 64 years. Vitamin and Mineral intake and urinary analytes. London TSO; 2003.
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    7. Selhub J et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):614S-20S.
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    8. Hibbeln JR. Lancet. 1998 Apr 18;351(9110):1213.
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    9. Astorg P et al. Lipids. 2004 Jun;39(6):527-35.
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    10. Westover AN & Marangell LB. Depress Anxiety. 2002;16(3):118-20.
      \n<\/span><\/li>\n
    11. Lopez-Garcia E et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):1029-35.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n"},"yoast_head":"\nDietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age: the Whitehall II study \u00c9quation Nutrition - Aprifel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age: the Whitehall II study \u00c9quation Nutrition - Aprifel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/dietary-pattern-and-depressive-symptoms-in-middle-age-the-whitehall-ii-study\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age: the Whitehall II study \u00c9quation Nutrition\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age: the Whitehall II study \u00c9quation Nutrition\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/dietary-pattern-and-depressive-symptoms-in-middle-age-the-whitehall-ii-study\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Aprifel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/dietary-pattern-and-depressive-symptoms-in-middle-age-the-whitehall-ii-study\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/aprifel-pp.mentalworks.biz\/en\/global-fv-newsletter-article\/dietary-pattern-and-depressive-symptoms-in-middle-age-the-whitehall-ii-study\/\",\"name\":\"Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age: the Whitehall II study \u00c9quation Nutrition - 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